184 lines
5.3 KiB
Markdown
184 lines
5.3 KiB
Markdown
# 蓝牙权限申请指南
|
||
|
||
## 🔐 权限说明
|
||
|
||
在Android 12及以上版本，使用蓝牙功能需要动态申请以下权限：
|
||
|
||
### 必需权限
|
||
1. **BLUETOOTH_SCAN** - 扫描蓝牙设备
|
||
2. **BLUETOOTH_CONNECT** - 连接蓝牙设备
|
||
3. **ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION** - 精确位置（蓝牙扫描需要）
|
||
4. **ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION** - 粗略位置（蓝牙扫描需要）
|
||
|
||
## 📱 权限申请流程
|
||
|
||
### 首次启动应用
|
||
1. 应用启动时会显示当前权限状态
|
||
2. 点击"连接蓝牙"按钮
|
||
3. 系统弹出权限申请对话框
|
||
4. 选择"允许"授予所有权限
|
||
|
||
### 权限状态显示
|
||
```
|
||
权限状态:
|
||
BLUETOOTH_SCAN: ✓
|
||
BLUETOOTH_CONNECT: ✓
|
||
ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION: ✓
|
||
ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION: ✓
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## ⚠️ 常见问题
|
||
|
||
### 1. 权限被拒绝
|
||
**症状**：按钮显示"权限被拒绝"，无法使用蓝牙功能
|
||
**解决**：
|
||
- 进入系统设置 → 应用管理 → 本应用 → 权限
|
||
- 手动开启蓝牙和位置权限
|
||
- 重新启动应用
|
||
|
||
### 2. 部分权限缺失
|
||
**症状**：提示"缺少权限: BLUETOOTH_SCAN, ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION"
|
||
**解决**：
|
||
- 确保所有4个权限都已授予
|
||
- 位置权限对于蓝牙扫描是必需的
|
||
|
||
### 3. 权限申请对话框不出现
|
||
**症状**：点击按钮无反应
|
||
**解决**：
|
||
- 检查应用是否被系统限制
|
||
- 重启应用或设备
|
||
- 检查系统版本是否支持
|
||
|
||
## 🔧 技术实现
|
||
|
||
### 权限检查代码
|
||
```kotlin
|
||
private fun checkAndRequestPermissions(): Boolean {
|
||
val missingPermissions = mutableListOf<String>()
|
||
|
||
for (permission in REQUIRED_PERMISSIONS) {
|
||
if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, permission) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
|
||
missingPermissions.add(permission)
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (missingPermissions.isNotEmpty()) {
|
||
updateStatus("需要蓝牙权限: ${missingPermissions.joinToString(", ")}")
|
||
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(
|
||
this,
|
||
missingPermissions.toTypedArray(),
|
||
PERMISSION_REQUEST_CODE
|
||
)
|
||
return false
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
return true
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 权限结果处理
|
||
```kotlin
|
||
override fun onRequestPermissionsResult(
|
||
requestCode: Int,
|
||
permissions: Array<out String>,
|
||
grantResults: IntArray
|
||
) {
|
||
super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults)
|
||
|
||
when (requestCode) {
|
||
PERMISSION_REQUEST_CODE -> {
|
||
val allGranted = grantResults.all { it == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED }
|
||
|
||
if (allGranted) {
|
||
updateStatus("蓝牙权限已授予，开始扫描...")
|
||
startBluetoothScan()
|
||
} else {
|
||
updateStatus("蓝牙权限被拒绝，无法使用蓝牙功能")
|
||
binding.bluetoothButton.text = "权限被拒绝"
|
||
binding.bluetoothButton.setBackgroundColor(Color.parseColor("#9E9E9E"))
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 📋 权限清单
|
||
|
||
### AndroidManifest.xml
|
||
```xml
|
||
<!-- 蓝牙权限 -->
|
||
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH" />
|
||
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN" />
|
||
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_SCAN" />
|
||
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />
|
||
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION" />
|
||
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION" />
|
||
|
||
<!-- 蓝牙功能声明 -->
|
||
<uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.bluetooth" android:required="true" />
|
||
<uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.bluetooth_le" android:required="true" />
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### MainActivity.kt
|
||
```kotlin
|
||
companion object {
|
||
private const val PERMISSION_REQUEST_CODE = 1001
|
||
private val REQUIRED_PERMISSIONS = arrayOf(
|
||
Manifest.permission.BLUETOOTH_SCAN,
|
||
Manifest.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT,
|
||
Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION,
|
||
Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION
|
||
)
|
||
|
||
// Used to load the 'cmake_project_test' library on application startup.
|
||
init {
|
||
System.loadLibrary("cmake_project_test")
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 🎯 最佳实践
|
||
|
||
### 1. 权限申请时机
|
||
- 在用户主动点击蓝牙功能时申请
|
||
- 避免应用启动时强制申请
|
||
- 提供清晰的权限用途说明
|
||
|
||
### 2. 用户体验
|
||
- 显示当前权限状态
|
||
- 提供权限被拒绝时的解决方案
|
||
- 友好的错误提示
|
||
|
||
### 3. 兼容性
|
||
- 支持Android 6.0+的动态权限
|
||
- 兼容Android 12+的新蓝牙权限
|
||
- 处理权限被拒绝的情况
|
||
|
||
## 🔍 调试技巧
|
||
|
||
### 检查权限状态
|
||
```kotlin
|
||
private fun checkPermissionStatus(): String {
|
||
val status = mutableListOf<String>()
|
||
|
||
for (permission in REQUIRED_PERMISSIONS) {
|
||
val granted = ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, permission) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
|
||
status.add("${permission.split(".").last()}: ${if (granted) "✓" else "✗"}")
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
return status.joinToString("\n")
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 日志输出
|
||
- 权限申请过程会记录详细日志
|
||
- 可通过Logcat查看权限状态变化
|
||
- 便于调试权限相关问题
|
||
|
||
## 📝 注意事项
|
||
|
||
1. **位置权限必需**：蓝牙扫描需要位置权限，这是系统要求
|
||
2. **权限持久性**：权限一旦授予，应用重启后仍然有效
|
||
3. **系统限制**：某些系统可能限制权限申请
|
||
4. **版本兼容**：不同Android版本的权限要求可能不同
|